PMOS and Menopause

PMOS is often considered a long-term condition, and while symptoms can change over time, menopause does not necessarily make them disappear altogether.

In the UK, the average age of menopause — defined as 12 months without a period — is around 51. Research suggests that women with PMOS may experience menopause a little later, on average 2–4 years after women without PMOS. However, it can sometimes be harder to recognise perimenopause in women with PMOS, as irregular or missed cycles are already common.

How PMOS and menopause symptoms can overlap

Some of the changes associated with perimenopause can mirror PMOS symptoms, such as irregular cycles, weight gain around the middle, insulin resistance, or increased hair growth. Because oestrogen and progesterone naturally decline during perimenopause, women with PMOS — who may already have lower levels of these hormones — may find some symptoms feel more noticeable in the short term.

One potential positive is that androgen levels also tend to decline with age, and some women with PMOS may see improvements in acne, hirsutism, or even more regular cycles as they transition through perimenopause.

Research suggests hormone changes can bring about differences such as:

• Menstrual changes: Women with PMOS may notice their cycles becoming shorter and more regular, while those without PMOS may experience increasing irregularity.
• Hair and skin: Acne and hirsutism may improve, although thinning hair can still persist.
• Insulin sensitivity: Insulin resistance may continue into menopause, which can be linked with higher risk of type 2 diabetes and changes in weight.
• Cardiovascular health: Some studies suggest that women with PMOS have higher levels of inflammatory markers during and after menopause, which may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.

The bigger picture

Menopause does not “cure” PMOS, but hormonal changes during this life stage can shift which symptoms are more prominent. While ovulation naturally comes to an end (which resolves cycle-related symptoms), other aspects of PMOS may persist or evolve.

Continuing to focus on nutrition, movement, stress management, and lifestyle habits that support hormone balance and overall health can be valuable at this stage of life. It’s also important to keep up with regular GP health checks.

If you’d like to explore how nutrition and lifestyle support may help during PMOS and menopause, you’re welcome to book a free call with us.

Please note: we do not diagnose or treat PMOS or menopause. Nutrition and lifestyle support can complement medical care, but diagnosis and treatment should always be discussed with your GP.

PMOS and Fertility

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PMOS) is one of the most common hormone-related conditions in women of reproductive age. In the UK, it is estimated to affect around 1 in 10 women. PMOS can be associated with irregular menstrual cycles and ovulation problems, which may make it more difficult to conceive.

The good news is that with appropriate medical support — and attention to lifestyle factors — many women with PMOS go on to conceive and have healthy pregnancies.

How PMOS may affect fertility

• Irregular ovulation: In PMOS, hormonal changes such as higher levels of androgens (e.g. testosterone) can sometimes disrupt the regular release of eggs (ovulation).
• Egg development: Hormonal imbalance may also influence how eggs mature, which can affect fertility.
• Conception challenges: The combination of less frequent ovulation and possible changes in egg development can make natural conception more difficult for some women.

Support options for PMOS and fertility

• Nutrition and lifestyle: Research suggests that dietary changes, regular movement, stress management, and supporting healthy inflammation responses may help improve overall wellbeing and support more regular cycles in some women with PMOS.
• Medical treatments: Ovulation induction medications are sometimes prescribed by doctors to encourage egg release.
• Assisted conception: If other approaches are not effective, treatments such as IVF may be recommended by fertility specialists.

Important considerations

• Early conversations: Raising fertility concerns with your GP or specialist early can help ensure the right investigations and support are in place.
• Individual approaches: PMOS presents differently from person to person. The most appropriate strategy will depend on personal health, symptoms, and medical guidance.

The positive news

Although PMOS is often considered a long-term condition, it can be managed, and many women with PMOS do have healthy pregnancies.

If you’d like to explore how nutrition and lifestyle support may fit into your wider fertility journey, you’re welcome to book a free call with us at PMOS Clinics.

Please note: we do not diagnose or treat PMOS or fertility issues. Nutrition and lifestyle approaches can complement medical care, but diagnosis and treatment should always be discussed with your GP or fertility specialist.

PMOS in Teens

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PMOS) is one of the most common hormone-related conditions in women of reproductive age. In the UK, it is estimated to affect around 1 in 10 women.

While symptoms can start in the teenage years, diagnosing PMOS in adolescents is slightly different from in adults. Current guidelines recommend that for those under 20, doctors look mainly at hormone levels and irregular or absent periods. Ultrasound is not usually advised at this stage, as it has not been found to be reliable in younger women.

Guidelines also note that adolescents who have some features of PMOS, but do not meet the full criteria, may be considered at increased risk. Reassessment is recommended at or before full reproductive maturity (around eight years after starting their first period). This can include girls who had features of PMOS before starting the contraceptive pill, those with persisting symptoms, or those who have gained significant weight during adolescence.

Why early support matters

PMOS is often described as a long-term condition, and its symptoms — such as acne, excess hair growth, hair thinning, or weight changes — can be particularly difficult to cope with during the teenage years.

Although only a GP can make a diagnosis, starting conversations early about nutrition and lifestyle choices may help support overall health and wellbeing in teenagers showing features of PMOS. Parental and family support can also make a big difference in helping young people build positive long-term habits.

The mental health impact

Living with PMOS can sometimes affect mental wellbeing. Research suggests that anxiety, low mood, and depression may be more common in women with PMOS. For teenagers, who are already navigating a time of big changes and pressures, this additional emotional impact may be especially challenging. Supporting both physical and emotional health is therefore important.

Next steps

If you’d like to chat further, we have teen specialists here at our clinic, and we’d be happy to talk with you. Just book a call here.

Please note: we do not diagnose or treat PMOS. Anyone under the age of 16 must have a parent or guardian book and attend the call. Medical advice and diagnosis should always be sought from your GP.

PMOS Symptoms

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PMOS) affects an estimated 1 in 10 women in the UK, making it one of the most common hormone-related conditions in women of reproductive age. Worldwide, it is thought to affect more than 100 million women.

The name “PMOS” can be misleading, as not everyone with PMOS has cysts on their ovaries. In fact, around 20% of women without PMOS have cysts, while about 30% of women with PMOS do not.

So, what is it?
PMOS is often described as a complex endocrine condition involving hormonal and inflammatory factors that may disrupt the development of ovarian follicles. This can affect ovulation and menstrual cycles, and may be linked with changes in weight, skin health, fertility, and mood.

Research also suggests that women with PMOS may have a higher risk of developing metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, altered cholesterol, and cardiovascular risk factors.

Some of the more common symptoms of PMOS include:

Irregular or absent periods
PMOS can disrupt ovulation, sometimes leading to irregular, infrequent, or absent periods. Hormonal changes, particularly higher androgen levels, may contribute to this.

Heavy or painful periods
When ovulation is irregular or absent, the endometrial lining may build up over time. This can result in heavier bleeding when periods do occur. Hormonal imbalances, such as altered oestrogen and androgen levels, may also contribute.

“Cysts” on the ovaries
In PMOS, hormone signalling that supports egg release (ovulation) can be disrupted. Follicles may remain underdeveloped, which can appear as “cysts” on an ultrasound. These are not true cysts but immature follicles.

Acne or oily skin
Higher androgen levels can increase sebum (oil) production in the skin, sometimes leading to clogged pores and acne. PMOS-related acne often appears on androgen-sensitive areas such as the jawline, chest, or back.

Hirsutism (unwanted hair growth)
Androgens can stimulate hair follicles, leading to thicker, darker hair in areas such as the face, chest, or abdomen.

Hair thinning or loss
Some women with PMOS experience hair loss from the scalp, often in a pattern similar to male hair loss. This is linked to follicle sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent form of testosterone.

Weight changes
Insulin resistance, common in PMOS, can make it harder for cells to respond to insulin effectively. This may lead to higher circulating insulin levels, which can increase appetite, promote fat storage, and make weight loss more difficult.

Mood changes
Low mood, anxiety, and irritability are commonly reported in PMOS. Hormonal influences, inflammation, and insulin resistance may all play a role, alongside the psychological impact of other symptoms such as acne, hirsutism, or fertility challenges.

Long-term health risks
Research indicates that women with PMOS may have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular concerns, and stroke. This is thought to be linked to factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and weight.

The positive news

While PMOS can feel overwhelming, research suggests that nutrition and lifestyle approaches may support symptom management and overall wellbeing.

If you’d like to explore how nutrition and lifestyle changes could support you, you’re welcome to book a free call.

Please note: we do not diagnose or treat PMOS. Nutrition and lifestyle support can complement medical care, but diagnosis and treatment should always be discussed with your GP.

How do I know if I have PMOS for sure?

If you suspect you may have PMOS, the most important step is to speak with your GP. PMOS is what’s called a diagnosis of exclusion – this means other conditions need to be ruled out first. Only a healthcare professional can make the diagnosis, so it’s important to get checked rather than relying on self-assessment.

Things to reflect on before seeing your GP

While you cannot diagnose PMOS yourself, thinking about your symptoms can help you prepare for the appointment. For example:

• If you’re not on hormonal contraception, are your periods irregular or sometimes absent?
• Do you experience excess hair growth on your face or body, or persistent acne?
• Have you noticed recent weight changes that don’t seem linked to diet or lifestyle?
• Do other women in your family have a PMOS diagnosis?

If you answered “yes” to some of these questions, it may be worth discussing them with your GP.

Keeping a symptoms diary

Before your appointment, it can be useful to keep a record of your symptoms. This can help you and your GP look for patterns. You might want to note:

• Period dates, cycle length, and how heavy or light they are
• Whether ovulation is absent (if you’re tracking with ovulation kits or trying to conceive)
• Weight changes
• Excess hair growth (face, chest, stomach, thighs, etc.)
• Thinning hair on the head
• Acne or oily skin
• Skin changes such as tags or dark, velvety patches (known as acanthosis nigricans)
• Mood changes, anxiety, low mood, or worsening PMS
• Fertility challenges or recurrent miscarriage
• Fatigue or low energy

What guidelines say about diagnosis

According to current NICE guidance:

In adults (over 20 years old), a diagnosis of PMOS may be considered if two out of the following three are present, once other causes have been ruled out:

• Signs of high androgen levels (either clinical or shown in blood tests)
• Ovulatory dysfunction (irregular or absent periods)
• Polycystic ovarian appearance on ultrasound

Or, put more simply:

• A blood test showing raised androgens
• Irregular or absent periods
• Multiple “cysts” on ovaries visible on ultrasound

In adolescents (under 20 years old), diagnosis is based on hormone levels and irregular or absent periods. Ultrasound is not usually recommended at this stage, as it is not considered reliable for diagnosis in younger women.

Adolescents with some PMOS features, but who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria, may be considered at increased risk. Guidelines suggest reassessment at or before full reproductive maturity (approximately eight years after the first period).

Depending on your age and symptoms, your GP may recommend blood tests and/or an ultrasound scan as part of the diagnostic process.

Important note
Nutrition and lifestyle approaches can support general wellbeing if you have PMOS symptoms, but they cannot replace medical diagnosis or treatment. Always seek advice from your GP if you are concerned about your symptoms.

What is PMOS?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PMOS) affects an estimated 1 in 10 women in the UK, making it one of the most common hormone-related conditions in women of reproductive age and a leading cause of ovulatory infertility. Worldwide, it’s thought to affect over 100 million women.

The name “PMOS” can be misleading. It’s actually a collection of symptoms that may have different underlying drivers – and not everyone with PMOS has cysts on their ovaries. In fact, around 20% of women without PMOS have cysts, while about 30% of women with PMOS do not.

So, what is it?
PMOS is often described as a complex endocrine condition involving hormonal and inflammatory changes that can disrupt the development of ovarian follicles. This can lead to delayed or absent ovulation, resulting in irregular or missed periods. In practice, PMOS may affect menstrual cycles, weight regulation, fertility, and other aspects of health.

Research suggests women with PMOS may also have a higher risk of metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, altered cholesterol (dyslipidaemia), and potentially cardiovascular concerns.

Some of the more common symptoms of PMOS include:

• Insulin resistance
• Elevated androgens (or ‘male hormones’)
• Mid-cycle or ovulatory pain
• Acne or oily skin
• Unwanted hair growth on the face or body (hirsutism)
• Male-pattern hair thinning or hair loss
• Unwanted weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Mood changes such as low mood, anxiety or irritability
• Sleep issues, including sleep apnoea

What are androgens?

Androgens are hormones such as testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It’s normal to have some androgens – they support mood, libido, and bone health.

In PMOS, higher-than-average androgen levels (hyperandrogenism) are common. This is linked with difficulties ovulating, irregular periods, weight changes, unwanted hair growth, and acne. Hyperandrogenism is therefore considered both a clinical feature and a contributing factor in PMOS.

Factors which may contribute to PMOS

Family history

• PMOS can run in families. If a close female relative has PMOS, your likelihood of developing it may be higher.
• Genes may increase susceptibility, while environment and lifestyle may influence how strongly these genes are expressed.

Insulin and blood sugar balance

• High insulin levels may reduce sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), leaving more free testosterone available and contributing to symptoms.
• Insulin can also stimulate the ovaries and pituitary gland, influencing androgen production.
• Diets high in sugar and refined carbohydrates, combined with other factors such as stress, smoking, alcohol, sleep deprivation, some medications, and environmental exposures, may contribute to insulin resistance over time.

Inflammation

• Chronic low-grade inflammation is common in PMOS and may influence ovarian function and androgen production.
• Visceral fat (fat stored around the abdomen) can secrete inflammatory molecules, which in turn may worsen insulin resistance, creating a cycle that fuels symptoms.
• Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol, ultra-processed foods, and chronic stress can add to overall inflammatory load.
• Gut health, infections, autoimmune activity, and food intolerances may also play a role in some cases.

Adrenal androgens and stress

• The adrenal glands produce stress hormones and some androgens. In PMOS, adrenal androgens may account for 20–30% of the elevated hormone levels seen.
• Ongoing stress may therefore play a role in symptom expression, even in women who are not insulin resistant or do not have ovarian cysts.
• Research suggests cortisol regulation may be altered in PMOS, potentially contributing to changes in weight, appetite, menstrual cycles, and immunity.

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals

• Certain environmental chemicals, sometimes called xenoestrogens (such as BPA in plastics), may mimic or interfere with hormone activity.
• Studies suggest they may contribute to insulin resistance, inflammation, and hormone imbalance, although more research is needed.

Post-pill hormone changes

• Some people notice PMOS-like symptoms after stopping the contraceptive pill. This does not mean the pill causes PMOS, but rather that hormonal shifts can temporarily mimic or unmask symptoms. PMOS itself is a longer-term condition with complex causes.

In reality, PMOS is often the result of a combination of these factors, with different drivers in different individuals.

Next steps

If you’d like to learn more about PMOS and explore nutrition and lifestyle approaches that may support your symptoms, you’re welcome to book a free call here.

Please note: we do not diagnose or treat PMOS. Nutrition and lifestyle support can complement medical care, but it is important to consult your GP for diagnosis, medical advice, and management.